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  • 1.  Drug tolerance and inconclusive

    Posted 11-25-2025 11:30

    Hi everyone,

    I've been exploring this topic within my organization and wanted to gather broader insights. From my current understanding, and that of my bioanalytical colleagues, the drug tolerance from the screening assay is typically used to determine the presence of inconclusive samples. I have been recently on discussions whether drug tolerance from confirmatory assays, nAb, and other characterization tiers should be considered as well.

    To better understand industry practices, I thought of doing a quick poll within this group:

    Have you every reported inconclusive data at submission utilizing DT other than in the screening tier?

    Have agencies ever requested reporting inconclusive data based on confirmatory and other characterization assays?

    I'd appreciate both "No" and "Yes" responses. If "Yes," it would be helpful to know the general rationale behind the request.

    Thank you for your feedback

    Elisa



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    C. Elisa Oquendo Cifuentes
    Senior Research Fellow
    Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc
    Ridgefield CT
    [email protected]

    Disclaimer: Opinions expressed are solely my own and do not express the views or opinions of my employer.
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  • 2.  RE: Drug tolerance and inconclusive

    Posted 11-26-2025 20:23

    Hi Elisa,

                    My answer to both your questions is No. In my experience, we never reported "inconclusive" ADA results in any of the tiers. To my knowledge we were never challenged by health authorities for not using "inconclusive" category in immunogenicity reporting. I am strongly against such "inconclusive" results, and I'd like to use this opportunity to climb my soapbox with my favorite arguments:

    • ·         You could argue that any ADA-negative result should be reported as "inconclusive" since our assays have limited sensitivity and a more sensitive assay might be able to detect ADA in samples previously classified as negative.
    • ·         We do occasionally detect ADA in the presence of drug concentrations that exceed drug tolerance. We don't report such results as "false positive" or "I can't believe it's positive", but as regular positives without any qualifiers. This is because both negative and positive result obtained in the presence of drug are quite conclusive, which brings me to my next point.
    • ·         Picture an assay that cannot detect 100 ng/mL of ADA in the presence of 50 µg/mL of drug but can reliably detect 200 ng/mL ADA. A negative classification in the presence of 50 µg/mL means that ADA level in the sample is <200 ng/mL, which is quite conclusive. In this case, a negative result does provide valuable information and should not be discarded as "inconclusive".

    Now, I'm going to climb down from my soapbox and decamp for the kitchens to inspect the contents for the fridge in preparation for tomorrow 😊.



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    Robert J. Kubiak, PhD
    Director, Head of Bioanalytical Science
    Third Arc Bio
    [email protected]

    Disclaimer: Opinions expressed are solely my own and do not express the views or opinions of my employer.
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  • 3.  RE: Drug tolerance and inconclusive

    Posted 11-27-2025 10:25
    Happy Thanksgiving, Robert! I can't argue with any of your points; as usual your logic is impeccable. I would also add that drug tolerance is determined using a Positive Control antibody, which may not be representative of actual patient antibodies. So of course we can't make a quantitative statement, like "ADA < 200 ng/mL".

    However, I would also mention that the customers of our data - the clinicians, pharmacologists and regulators - may not understand all the details of how our assays work or how drug and target can interfere. To them, negative means negative, no ADA present. (I've known some labs to report negative results as "not detected", which is perhaps more accurate). So we need some mechanism to communicate that it might be a false negative due to high drug levels. Either report "inconclusive", or "indeterminate", or negative with an asterix, or do some broader education on how to interpret ADA results.

    To the original question, I would report yes and no. Yes, I have reported drug tolerance limits for both Tier 1 and Tier 2, as well as for NAb. No, I don't recall specific requests on this from FDA. 

    John Kamerud
    JK Bioanalytical Consulting LLC





  • 4.  RE: Drug tolerance and inconclusive

    Posted 11-28-2025 10:10
    John
    Most non-bionalytical folks do not understand the assay nuances, clinicians and clin pharm folks included.  I have given immunogenicity 101 talks many times to these folks, and they get it-during the talk but soon forget, they have other things to focus on.  Besides that, I don't know how "inconclusive" or "not-detected" categories, which really could apply to ANY negative sample, help in any actual statistical analysis that addresses the question of clinical impact, which is where this data will provide meaning.  And let's also recognize, speaking of nuances, that assay performance metrics are determined with a surrogate positive control whose relationship to the real patient ADA is unknown, thus sensitivity and drug tolerance so determined  bears what relationship to actual patient ADA?  We can't know without some serious work (purification, avidity assessment, etc, most of which is in fact not known even for the PC) done on each sample, that no one will do.  So in my view, as long as whoever is interested has access to the validation report so they are as informed as reasonably possible about the assay, I think "ADA positive" and "ADA negative" with a titer value results are suitable for the kinds of conclusions most analyses arrive at.
    [side note:  I would even argue that if there is so much drug that ADA detection is inhibited then it's unlikely that ADA will have impact-that is the rationalization for clinicians to "dose over" ADA, which can work, to a point]
    Apologies for the overly long diatribe, but I've done battle with these questions for many years.







  • 5.  RE: Drug tolerance and inconclusive

    Posted 11-29-2025 15:21

    Thank you, Eric, John and Anna, for engaging in this discussion. Elisa, I'm sorry we are taking it a little off track. I agree that we tend to over-interpret sensitivity and drug tolerance numbers obtained with surrogate positive controls. We also spent too much time during assay validation generating these numbers since there is no knowing how they describe actual ADA in different study participants.

    I also agree with Eric that adding "inconclusive", "undetected" or similar categories doesn't really help clinical pharmacologists understand the data. For me, a simple "positive" and "negative" classification is hard enough to interpreted without the context of what our immunogenicity assays can/cannot do, and other data like PK, PD and time.

    Finally, in my little example, an assay that can detect 200 ng/mL of ADA in the presence of 50 µg/mL of drug is actually quite impressive and it's very unlikely that ADA can have any impact in the presence of 250-excess of drug (if the drug is also an antibody). I'm also pretty sure that 100 ng/mL in the presence of 50 µg/mL of drug is even less impactful than 200 ng/mL. 

    Happy Thanksgiving Everyone!



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    Robert J. Kubiak, PhD
    Director, Head of Bioanalytical Science
    Third Arc Bio
    [email protected]

    Disclaimer: Opinions expressed are solely my own and do not express the views or opinions of my employer.
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  • 6.  RE: Drug tolerance and inconclusive

    Posted 11-27-2025 10:36

    @Elisa: No and No. @Robert: I hope refrigeration stability met acceptance criteria..  Did I understand correctly that your organization have only reported sample's final ADA/NAb results as "Positive" and "Negative" and never as "Inconclusive"? If yes, did you provide clarification for samples with corresponding drug level above the assay's DT (e.g. "Negative (<200 ng/mL ADA))". 



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    Anna Schwartz
    Associate Director, Bioanalysis
    Kyowa Kirin, Inc.
    Princeton NJ
    [email protected]
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